![]() I., Nishikawa, S., Hirashima, M., Matsuyoshi, N. Maturation of embryonic stem cells into endothelial cells in an in vitro model of vasculogenesis. Hirashima, M., Kataoka, H., Nishikawa, S., Matsuyoshi, N. Ligand-dependent of the endothelial and hematopoietic lineages from embryonic mesodermal cells expressing vascular endothelial growth factor 2. Failure of blood-island formation and vasculogenesis in Flk1-deficient mice. Pericardial mesoderm generates a population of coronary smooth muscle cells migrating into the heart along with in growth of the epicardial organ. Fate of the mammalian cardiac neural crest. Smooth muscle lineage diversity in the chick embryo–Two types of aortic smooth muscle cell differ in growth and receptor-mediated transcriptional responses to transforming growth factor-β. Flk1, a flt-related receptor tyrosine kinase is an early marker for endothelial precursors. ![]() Mechanisms of angiogenesis and arteriogenesis. Blood vessel maturation: vascular development comes of age. Blood vessel formation: What is its molecular basis? Cell 87, 1153– 1155 (1996).ĭarland, D. Requisite role of angiopoietin-1, a ligand for the TIE2 receptor, during embryonic angiogenesis. Our findings indicate that Flk1 + cells can act as ‘vascular progenitor cells’ to form mature vessels and thus offer potential for tissue engineering of the vascular system. Injection of Flk1 + cells into chick embryos showed that they can incorporate as endothelial and mural cells and contribute to the developing vasculature in vivo. ![]() Vascular cells derived from Flk1 + cells can organize into vessel-like structures consisting of endothelial tubes supported by mural cells in three-dimensional culture. Vascular endothelial growth factor promotes endothelial cell differentiation, whereas mural cells are induced by platelet-derived growth factor-BB. Here we show that Flk1 + cells derived from embryonic stem cells can differentiate into both endothelial and mural cells and can reproduce the vascular organization process. Difficulty in preparing pure populations of these lineages has hampered dissection of the mechanisms underlying vascular formation. Endothelial cells arise from Flk1-expressing (Flk1 +) mesoderm cells 5, whereas mural cells are believed to derive from mesoderm, neural crest or epicardial cells and migrate to form the vessel wall 6, 7, 8. Interaction between endothelial cells and mural cells (pericytes and vascular smooth muscle) is essential for vascular development and maintenance 1, 2, 3, 4.
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